Master Hong Yi is a renowned figure in Chinese Zen Buddhism, widely respected for his profound wisdom and life philosophy. His teachings and worldview are frequently quoted, inspiring people to find strength in times of difficulty and confusion. Once a talented artist, he later devoted himself to Buddhism, embodying a life of spiritual pursuit and self-discipline. His journey reflects deep transformation and unwavering dedication. In this article, we will explore the life and teachings of this remarkable Zen master, uncovering his story and the timeless wisdom he imparted. Join us in discovering how his insights continue to guide and enlighten those seeking clarity and inner peace.
Master Hong Yi (1880–1942), born Li Shutong, was a distinguished Buddhist monk, artist, educator, and cultural figure in modern China. He was born in Tianjin and received an excellent education from an early age, excelling in music, painting, calligraphy, and literature. His artistic talents and intellectual pursuits laid a strong foundation for his later contributions to Chinese culture and Buddhism.
In 1905, Li Shutong traveled to Japan to study at the Tokyo School of Fine Arts, focusing on oil painting while also exploring music. During his time in Japan, he became involved in theatrical performances, playing a pioneering role in China's early modern drama movement. His exposure to Western artistic techniques and ideas further enriched his artistic expressions and later influenced his approach to Buddhist aesthetics.
During his early years in Japan, Li Shutong studied oil painting and music, immersing himself in Western art and theater. This experience greatly influenced his artistic style and philosophical outlook, shaping his later contributions to Chinese art, music, and Buddhist thought.
As a key figure in modern Chinese art education, Li Shutong played an essential role in advancing both fine arts and music. He composed the famous song Farewell (Song Bie) and contributed significantly to the development of modern Chinese art and music. However, in 1918, he made a dramatic transformation, leaving behind worldly pursuits to become a Buddhist monk. He adopted the name "Hong Yi" and dedicated himself entirely to studying and spreading Buddhist teachings.
Master Hong Yi emphasized strict adherence to Buddhist precepts, advocating for purity, simplicity, and inner cultivation. He became a key figure in reviving the "Vinaya School" of Chinese Buddhism, which focuses on monastic discipline. His calligraphy, known for its minimalistic yet profound style, also became highly influential in Buddhist and artistic circles.
In his later years, Master Hong Yi devoted himself to spreading Buddhism in Fujian. He passed away in Quanzhou in 1942, leaving behind a profound cultural and religious legacy. His life journey, from an accomplished artist to a revered Buddhist master, continues to inspire generations seeking wisdom, simplicity, and spiritual enlightenment.
Hong Yi led an extraordinary life filled with artistic brilliance, cultural contributions, and a profound spiritual journey. His early years were marked by groundbreaking achievements in the arts, particularly in theatre, painting, and music. In 1906, at the age of 27, he co-founded "Chunliu Society," China’s first drama troupe formed by overseas students in Japan. A year later, he played the female lead in the first-ever Chinese adaptation of "Camille," breaking traditional gender roles in Chinese theatre. His commitment to modern drama helped shape China’s performing arts scene and laid the foundation for future developments.
In 1907, Hong Yi, then known as Li Shutong, played Marguerite in La Dame aux Camélias, marking a historic moment as one of China's first male actors to portray a female role.
Beyond theatre, Li Shutong made remarkable contributions to music. He was instrumental in introducing Western music theory to China, being the first to teach harmony and counterpoint at Zhejiang First Normal School. His work in music education influenced generations of students, and his lyrical adaptation of the American song "Dreaming of Home and Mother" into "Farewell" remains one of China’s most beloved songs. The poetic depth and cultural resonance of his lyrics gave the song an enduring legacy, making it a staple in Chinese music history.
Li Shutong also played a pioneering role in fine arts. He was one of the earliest Chinese artists to study and promote Western painting techniques, introducing oil painting and modern artistic practices. As an educator, he employed innovative teaching methods and trained renowned painters such as Feng Zikai and Pan Tianshou. His contributions to Chinese art education were revolutionary, bridging traditional and modern artistic expressions.
In 1918, at the peak of his artistic career, Li Shutong underwent a profound transformation and became a Buddhist monk, taking the name Hong Yi. This decision shocked many, as he left behind fame and fortune to dedicate himself to Buddhism. His teachings and writings influenced Chinese Buddhist thought, emphasizing discipline, compassion, and spiritual enlightenment.
As a monk, Hong Yi applied his artistic sensibilities to Buddhist calligraphy and literature, creating works of profound philosophical depth. His calligraphy, characterized by its simplicity and elegance, became highly regarded, reflecting his spiritual journey. His disciplined lifestyle and teachings left a lasting impact on both Buddhist and secular communities, inspiring generations of followers.
Hong Yi’s life exemplifies the seamless integration of art and spirituality. His contributions to theatre, music, painting, and Buddhism continue to influence Chinese culture. From an avant-garde artist to a revered monk, his journey remains a testament to the power of artistic and spiritual devotion, ensuring his legacy endures through time.
If a person is born into a wealthy and prestigious family, excels in various artistic fields such as music, painting, and drama, and then decides to become a monk, isn't it a ridiculous story? Hong Yi made the decision to renounce the world and take up monastic life, a choice that many found perplexing. Despite his success in the arts, his life took a dramatic turn after the tragic death of his mother in 1905, when she passed away suddenly at the age of 44. This loss plunged him into deep grief and forced him to reflect on the fleeting nature of life and the complexities of human connections. It was this experience that planted the seed of detachment in his heart.
In 1916, Li Shutong was inspired by a Japanese magazine that introduced fasting as a method for physical and mental purification. Intrigued, he decided to retreat to Dinghui Temple at Hupao in Hangzhou to experiment with fasting. He recorded his experience in a fasting journal, successfully enduring 17 days without food. After returning to his teaching position, he became a vegetarian and grew increasingly interested in Buddhism. Around this time, he was influenced by Ma Yifu, a prominent Confucian scholar, and gradually gained deeper insights into Buddhist philosophy.
contributions to Confucian thought, emphasizing moral cultivation, self-reflection, and the importance of traditional values.
When Li Shutong finally decided to become a monk, many were shocked, but to him, it was a natural progression. His wife, Chengzi, rushed to Hangzhou in hopes of persuading him to change his mind. Heartbroken, she asked him, "What is love?" He solemnly replied, "Love is compassion." In tears, she responded, "If compassion is for the world, why must it hurt me alone?" Their parting symbolized his complete dedication to spiritual pursuit over worldly attachments.
During the 1918 Chinese New Year, he spent time at Hupao Temple and officially became a lay disciple under Master Wu. He took the name "Yanyin" and later adopted the title "Hong Yi." That same year, on July 13, he entered Dinghui Temple to formally take monastic vows at the age of 39.
Before his ordination, he donated his treasured seal collection to the Xiling Seal Society. One of its founders, Ye Weiming, carved a niche to store them, inscribing a dedication to commemorate Hong Yi’s renunciation. In September, he received full ordination at Lingyin Temple, marking the beginning of his profound spiritual journey.
Master Hong Yi (Li Shutong) was known for his wisdom, and his sayings provide deep insights into navigating life’s challenges. Below are ten of his most thought-provoking maxims, offering guidance in moments of adversity, emotional struggle, and personal growth.
Life's lowest points are actually saving your life.
In times of difficulty, growth is possible. Hardship clears the old, making space for new energy. After the darkest moments, light and hope will emerge.
When you are at your worst, hold on, for you must endure a period of suffering before a turning point.
The pain of adversity is a necessary process for rebirth. Survive the hardship, and new opportunities will open.
Many things in life are already predestined. What stays doesn’t require effort, and what departs doesn’t need to be forced.
Accepting life as it comes, without pushing for what isn’t meant to be, brings peace and ease.
What torments you is not the emotions of others, but the expectations you hold in your heart
Letting go of attachments leads to inner tranquility.
Fate doesn’t need your approval to arrive, nor your consent to leave.
Fate cannot be controlled. For fleeting relationships, it’s best not to dwell on them, as this only brings unnecessary distress.
When you face someone you're not destined to be with, let them go; when your heart is filled with desire or attachment, let it go.
Letting go of unfruitful connections allows space for new beginnings.
What you care about will torment you; everything begins in the heart—look at life with a calm mind.
Emotions arise from inner attachments. By learning to detach, one can live freely.
When you're feeling down, don't be hard on yourself. Life, other than birth and death, is but a small matter."
Adjust your mindset and be kind to yourself, for only by doing so can you gracefully navigate life’s ups and downs.
Learning the life philosophy of Master Hong Yi holds profound benefits, especially in today’s fast-paced, high-pressure world driven by social media. His teachings guide us in navigating life’s ups and downs, emotional fluctuations, and complex relationships. For example, his quote "Everything starts from the heart; look at life lightly" reminds us that many of our worries stem from internal attachments. By learning to let go, we can achieve inner peace.
In the age of social media, it's easy to fall into the trap of comparison and anxiety when we see others' seemingly perfect lives. Master Hong Yi's saying, "What torments you is not the emotions of others, but your own expectations," helps us recognize the nature of our emotions and avoid being swayed by external appearances. This insight encourages us to break free from the illusion of others' lives and focus on our own journey.
Additionally, when faced with low points in work or life, his quote, "Life’s lowest points are actually saving your life," reminds us that difficulties are opportunities for growth. Enduring these tough times can eventually lead to positive transformation.
By embracing Master Hong Yi’s wisdom, we can better manage modern life’s challenges and maintain emotional stability. His philosophy serves as a guide to finding balance and peace amidst the noise of our busy, information-saturated world.
In the journey of Zen practice, meeting Master Hong Yi is a beautiful fate. His wisdom and Zen spirit have deeply influenced us. At Orizen, we have carefully prepared Zen-inspired sculptures, Karesansui (dry landscapes), and meditation items for you. These items are designed to help you find peace in your busy life and connect with the wisdom of Zen. We welcome you to visit Orizenworld and select the Zen treasures that bring inner tranquility and calm to your life.
